Related by context. All words. (Click for frequent words.) 67 Von Neumann 59 Oskar Morgenstern 59 J. Presper Eckert 56 Norbert Wiener 56 Carl Friedrich Gauss 56 Eugene Wigner 56 Marvin Minsky 55 Charles Babbage 54 Mauchly 54 Kurt Godel 54 Vannevar Bush 54 Erwin Schrödinger 53 mathematician 53 mathematical proofs 53 Analytical Engine 53 Gödel 53 Neils Bohr 53 Niels Bohr 53 Kurt Gödel 52 Satyendra Nath Bose 52 Leo Szilard 52 relativity theory 52 On Computable Numbers 52 Richard Feynman 52 JCR Licklider 52 Leonard Adleman 51 Feynman 51 Carl Menger 51 physicist Max Planck 51 Hans Bethe 51 Wolfgang Pauli 51 Paul Dirac 51 Sheldon Glashow 50 Leibniz 50 Allan Sandage 50 theoretical physicist 50 Buckminster Fuller 50 Edward Teller 50 George Gamow 50 Polanyi 50 Nima Arkani Hamed 50 Dirichlet 50 Ludwig Wittgenstein 50 Wassily Leontief 50 Dantzig 49 Poincaré 49 physicist 49 Alan Turing 49 theoretical physics 49 quantum physicist 49 mathematical physicist 49 quantum physicists 49 Henri Poincaré 49 Anton Zeilinger 49 algebraic topology 49 Lev Landau 49 cryptographer 49 Ernst Mayr 49 mathematicians 49 quantum chromodynamics 49 Roger Penrose 49 theorist 48 Murray Gell Mann 48 computational neuroscience 48 Kip Thorne 48 theorems 48 quantum mechanics 48 Mandelbrot 48 physicist Albert Einstein 48 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 48 Mathematician 48 Heisenberg 48 Kolmogorov 48 Karl Popper 48 René Descartes 48 Czeslaw Milosz 48 Gell Mann 48 Henri Poincare 48 Gottfried Leibniz 48 Herbert Marcuse 48 photoelectric effect 48 Galois 48 t Hooft 48 futurist Ray Kurzweil 48 quantum theory 48 Xerox PARC 48 physicist Werner Heisenberg 48 Hal Abelson 47 Francis Galton 47 Benoit Mandelbrot 47 Theodor Hänsch 47 von Mises 47 Poincaré Conjecture 47 Enrico Fermi 47 ENIAC 47 Coxeter 47 Werner Heisenberg 47 Douglas Engelbart 47 Terence Tao 47 algebraic geometry 47 Leontief 47 Caltech physicist 47 Georg Hegel 47 partial differential equations 47 Viterbi 47 Marxist philosopher 47 theoreticians 47 Babbage Difference Engine 47 Boltzmann 47 elementary particle physics 47 Lev Vygotsky 46 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 46 Vilfredo Pareto 46 Gene Amdahl 46 IBM Almaden Research 46 Lamarckian 46 physicist Richard Feynman 46 Xerox Parc 46 Carlo Pedretti 46 Andrei Linde 46 Wilhelm Reich 46 Ketterle 46 Martin Heidegger 46 Lewontin 46 Ilya Prigogine 46 Bernhard Riemann 46 GH Hardy 46 Newton Principia 46 Seymour Papert 46 Einstein equations 46 Leonard Kleinrock 46 Ron Rivest 46 theorists 46 M. Asara 46 Platonist 46 physics 46 Viterbi algorithm 46 mathematician Alan Turing 46 Michelson Morley 46 Hyman Minsky 46 Einstein 46 Richard Garwin 46 Quantum Physics 46 theoretical physicists 46 Physicist 46 Hans Moravec 46 P. Feynman 46 Hannah Arendt 46 Marcus du Sautoy 46 IBM Almaden 46 Poincare 46 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 46 electrodynamics 45 Fritz Zwicky 45 computational neuroscientist 45 Auguste Comte 45 Richard Rorty 45 Theoretical physicist 45 Ellery Hale 45 philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein 45 Franz Boas 45 philosopher Karl Popper 45 Poincare Conjecture 45 Schumpeter 45 quantum electrodynamics 45 ARPAnet 45 Georg Cantor 45 Fritjof Capra 45 Rene Descartes 45 Albert Einstein 45 Xerox Palo Alto 45 Schroedinger 45 Harold Lasswell 45 Leonard Susskind 45 Sejnowski 45 Hungarian Erno Rubik 45 Szilard 45 Donna Haraway 45 Mendelian genetics 45 Masahiro Mori 45 Maria Goeppert Mayer 45 Leszek Kolakowski 45 cellular automata 45 Leslie Orgel 45 Oparin 45 structuralist 45 Nobel laureate physicist 45 Seymour Cray 45 Electronic Numerical Integrator 45 Isaac Asimov 45 Bertrand Russell 45 Lionel Trilling 45 Pierre Simon Laplace 45 Claude Lévi Strauss 45 Theodor Adorno 45 physicist Enrico Fermi 45 Kailath 45 E. Pake 44 Svante Arrhenius 44 MIT 44 Felsenstein 44 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 44 Steven Strogatz 44 Harry Markowitz 44 superstrings 44 Von Hayek 44 Rorty 44 physicist Niels Bohr 44 Riemann Hypothesis 44 technological singularity 44 Max Horkheimer 44 Lévi Strauss 44 Panofsky 44 Erwin Schrodinger 44 Shuji Nakamura 44 philosopher Isaiah 44 Jurgen Habermas 44 Fred Hoyle 44 Antonio Gramsci 44 Quantum Optics 44 Nicola Tesla 44 ARPANET 44 cosmologist 44 Johannes Kepler 44 Erno Rubik 44 Nobelist 44 Enigma encryption 44 neo Darwinian 44 economist Friedrich Hayek 44 Jürgen Habermas 44 Grady Booch 44 Debreu 44 parapsychology 44 Leonhard Euler 44 Nicholas Kaldor 44 Tsiolkovsky 44 Fritz Haber 44 Ernst Haeckel 44 combinatorics 44 anthropic principle 44 Georg Lukacs 44 Wigner 44 Jacques Barzun 44 de Gennes 44 philosopher Georg Wilhelm 44 Boolean algebra 44 Wernher von Braun 44 BF Skinner 44 A. Dembski 44 geometer 44 Leo Esaki 44 mathematician physicist 43 AM Turing 43 Pierre Bourdieu 43 Alfred Wegener 43 Steven Girvin 43 Justus von Liebig 43 astrophysics 43 Principia Mathematica 43 TRIZ 43 fractal geometry 43 Karl Deisseroth 43 Gregor Mendel 43 Madame Curie 43 quants 43 Kalecki 43 Finn Kydland 43 pioneer Alan Turing 43 supramolecular chemistry 43 Martin Buber 43 quantum gravity 43 Awschalom 43 Ignacio Cirac 43 Eliezer Yudkowsky 43 Turing 43 Hiroo Kanamori 43 Allen Paulos 43 Budker 43 JBS Haldane 43 Fractal Geometry 43 Raymond Kurzweil 43 Einsteinian physics 43 Vernor Vinge 43 Difference Engine 43 Adi Shamir 43 Feynman diagrams 43 astronomer mathematician 43 Böhm Bawerk 43 Hänsch 43 Schrodinger 43 astrophysical sciences 43 Hofstadter 43 Forschungszentrum Jülich 43 Grigory Perelman 43 Gershom Scholem 43 Douglas Hofstadter 43 Tegmark 43 Woese 43 Thomas Harriot 43 Lamarck 43 Theoretical Physicist 43 physicists 43 Von Humboldt 43 brilliant mathematician 43 Vishkin 43 simultaneous equations 43 Magueijo 43 Bruno Latour 43 Mikhail Gromov 43 relational aesthetics 43 Brookhaven physicist 43 Montemerlo 43 Abraham Maslow 43 Marin Soljacic 43 John Bardeen 43 Friedrich von Hayek 43 Lise Meitner 43 sociobiology 43 Brian Swimme 43 Lombroso 43 Robert Aumann 43 Murray Rothbard 43 Ada Lovelace 43 A. Heinlein 43 neuromorphic 43 MacPaint 43 R. Buckminster Fuller 43 Lacan 43 Bernoulli 43 mathematical genius 43 Stephen Hawkings 43 Critical Theory 43 Leon Battista Alberti 43 Poincare conjecture 43 Zuse 43 dynamical systems 42 Hatsopoulos 42 Renato Dulbecco 42 Daugman 42 general relativity 42 Dialectical Materialism 42 Glenn T. Seaborg 42 roboticist 42 Adolf Loos 42 Ray Kurzweil 42 Arthur Koestler 42 Monod 42 Robert Nozick 42 inventor Charles Babbage 42 Eric Maskin 42 optical coherence 42 neoclassical economics 42 Jacques Derrida 42 Perutz 42 astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus 42 Husserl 42 EDSAC 42 Donald Barthelme 42 celestial mechanics 42 QCD 42 Quantum mechanics 42 Francis Crick 42 Gurdjieff 42 Constructivists 42 Peter Grünberg 42 Richard Lewontin 42 Karl Landsteiner 42 Nobel Laureate Prof. 42 Beowulf cluster 42 C. Schelling 42 Rainer Blatt 42 William Dembski 42 mathematical theorems 42 Leibnitz 42 numerical algorithms 42 Louis Menand 42 Parpola 42 Roukes 42 relativity Einstein 42 Coase Theorem 42 UNIVAC 42 Ecole Normale Supérieure 42 thermodynamics 42 RISC architecture 42 particle physicist 42 Physics 42 Nikola Tesla 42 Gal Yam 42 Albert Fert 42 philologist 42 cryptanalysts 42 fluid dynamics 42 Fourier 42 Meghnad Saha 42 Tim Berners Lee 42 NYU Courant 42 Einstein theories 42 Max Tegmark 42 constructivism 42 Werner von Braun 42 Big Bang cosmology 42 Baruch Spinoza 42 Kenneth Boulding 42 Spintronics 42 Talcott Parsons 42 Amos Tversky 42 phenomenology 42 Maskawa 42 Immanuel Kant 42 crystallographer 42 Theodore Sturgeon 42 Fritz Sennheiser 42 differential equations 42 Eric Kandel 42 objectivist 42 Pulleyblank 42 Riemann hypothesis 42 Newtonian mechanics 42 Sir Francis Galton 42 Velikovsky 42 Wellsian 42 observational astronomy 42 Karl Rahner 42 mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot 42 Tony Judt 42 Sandhage 42 Matyjaszewski 42 Francis Fukuyama 42 psychologist Daniel Kahneman 42 Robert Schrieffer 42 Hans Sennholz 42 Discrete Mathematics 42 Yeshayahu Leibowitz 42 Aristeidis Karalis 42 Papert 42 Marcel Duchamp 42 Shklovsky 42 Malthus 42 Shing Tung Yau 42 Moses Mendelssohn 42 Debenedetti 42 Al Khwarizmi 42 Sornette 42 astronomer Tycho Brahe 42 Arthur Schawlow 42 Hod Lipson 42 superconducting quantum 42 ASCI Red 42 Paul WK Rothemund 42 logical positivism 42 Harlow Shapley 42 Nobel Prizewinning 42 Harold Urey 42 Wolfgang Ketterle 42 Sylvia Nasar 42 Rosbash 42 quantum optics 42 Isaac Newton 42 quantum physics 42 macromolecular science 42 Geanakoplos 42 psychohistory 42 Balmond 42 Lynn Margulis 42 Fernand Braudel 41 Mendeleev 41 Albert O. Hirschman 41 elliptic curve 41 Wohlstetter 41 Lee Smolin 41 Steven Pinker 41 postcolonialism 41 Hermann von Helmholtz 41 irreducibly complex 41 wave particle duality 41 Srinivasa Ramanujan 41 Jacques Lacan 41 theoretic 41 Otto Warburg 41 quantum computation 41 Adrian Bejan 41 physicist Gerald Gabrielse 41 cryptographers 41 IEEE Fellow 41 Yukawa Institute 41 Rostow 41 Avi Loeb 41 Heinrich Rohrer 41 mathematician Blaise Pascal 41 Jef Raskin 41 Quantum Mechanics 41 NeXTStep 41 Arkani Hamed 41 Ottmar Mergenthaler 41 Daniel Goldhagen 41 invariants 41 Wittgenstein 41 Feyerabend 41 Marx Freud 41 John Joannopoulos 41 renowned theoretical physicist 41 al Khwarizmi 41 algebraic 41 Nobel Physics 41 Abrikosov 41 Robert Bunsen 41 Alexis de Toqueville 41 Richard Hofstadter 41 Donald Eigler 41 Kravtsov 41 Venkatesh Narayanamurti 41 Melvil Dewey 41 island biogeography 41 Condorcet 41 Vitaly Ginzburg 41 astronomer Edwin 41 Toshihide Maskawa 41 AV Dicey 41 Theoretical physicists 41 Clausewitz 41 Robert Cailliau 41 Experimental Physics 41 Karl Jaspers 41 Schrodinger equation 41 Andre Kurs 41 Joel Primack 41 evolutionary theorists 41 Mikhail Tal 41 Demis Hassabis 41 John Meynard Keynes 41 Jean Baudrillard 41 Tinbergen 41 d' Alembert 41 Erich Fromm 41 SN Bose 41 physicist Erwin Schrödinger 41 Federico Capasso 41 Alan Sokal 41 Omar Yaghi 41 microeconomic theory 41 theoretical astrophysicist 41 Hasso Plattner Institute 41 Calabi Yau 41 Prof. Srini Devadas 41 Ivan Illich 41 theoretician 41 Tversky 41 Mathematical 41 Bajcsy 41 Radia Perlman 41 ichi Negishi 41 Aaron Wildavsky 41 Sombart 41 Misesian 41 Edwin Hubble 41 elliptic curves 41 Ludwig Von Mises 41 Hugo Grotius 41 philosopher Immanuel Kant 41 Luigi Colani 41 Simon Kuznets 41 Albert Michelson 41 Cosmological 41 Multics 41 San Diego Supercomputer 41 Emile Durkheim 41 Massimo Piattelli Palmarini 41 Alperovitz 41 Freie Universität Berlin 41 Phil Kuekes 41 Lewis Terman 41 CERN physicist 41 nanoscientist 41 Shoucheng Zhang 41 noosphere 41 Aharonov 41 MacArthur Fellowships 41 composer Franz Schubert 41 Commager 41 Antonio Negri 41 Danish physicist Niels 41 Theodore von Karman 41 nanoimprint lithography 41 Erik Erikson 41 Theoretical Physics 41 Alexei Abrikosov 41 Eugene Fama 41 Hierarchical Temporal Memory 41 Charpak 41 Agamben 41 von Frisch 41 Myron Scholes 41 Svante Pääbo 41 logarithms 41 Sovietologists 41 Tony Buzan 41 Theodor W. Haensch 41 Nadrian Seeman 41 Capitalism Socialism 41 transhumanists 41 theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking 41 Linus Pauling 41 Gerd Binnig 41 Otto Lilienthal 41 Uri Hasson 41 abiogenesis 41 Gregory Bateson 41 HyperCard 41 electron beam lithography 40 non Euclidean geometry 40 Carl von Clausewitz 40 computational mathematics 40 Coase 40 Kristeva 40 Brian Kernighan 40 psychologist BF Skinner 40 Ben Shneiderman 40 cartoonist Rube Goldberg 40 columnist Walter Lippmann 40 atmospheric physicist 40 massively parallel computing 40 Theoretical 40 Stephen Wolfram 40 Wendelin Werner 40 theoretical 40 Friedrich Nietzsche 40 Ludwig Boltzmann 40 Winckelmann 40 astronomer Johannes Kepler 40 Poincaré conjecture 40 Leon Festinger 40 renowned futurist 40 Whitfield Diffie 40 logicians 40 Franco Modigliani 40 Elihu Thomson 40 Mersenne 40 Joseph Schumpeter 40 superfluids 40 Indologist 40 singularities 40 Next Generation Supercomputer 40 Luca Pacioli 40 Murray N. Rothbard 40 Kiron Skinner 40 JUGENE 40 Lucasian Chair 40 NIST physicist 40 Univac 40 biophysicist 40 FR Leavis 40 Arthur Schlesinger 40 Einstein relativity 40 George Kennan 40 Alexey Pajitnov 40 FDTD 40 Schrödinger equation 40 Ollman 40 polymath 40 Debye 40 Rudolf Grimm 40 eugenicists 40 Technische Universitat Munchen 40 JQI 40 Feynman Prize 40 Engelbart 40 Dadaists 40 Markram 40 Joseph Weizenbaum 40 Lenat 40 Professor Richard Lindzen 40 Maritain 40 particle astrophysics 40 System/# [002] 40 Genesereth 40 physicist Michio Kaku 40 Aharonov Bohm effect 40 Henri Bergson 40 futurists 40 S. Lindzen 40 Thomas Schelling 40 Hans Tropsch 40 Leon Krier 40 Roger Revelle 40 Irving Langmuir 40 Richard Weikart 40 braneworld 40 Stanley Krippner 40 Max Delbrück 40 Eric von Hippel 40 empiricist 40 superstring 40 Carnegie Observatories 40 Bernard Bailyn 40 Ralph Steinman 40 computational 40 Jean Hoerni 40 Moholy Nagy 40 heterodox economists 40 Lotfi Zadeh 40 Frederick Engels 40 Schrödinger 40 PCMOS 40 mathematical algorithm 40 eminent historian 40 Schrieffer 40 Frederik Pohl 40 Sir Humphry Davy 40 Jean Piaget 40 Loebner Prize 40 Glenn Seaborg 40 Boettke 40 Spectroscopy Laboratory 40 Roald Hoffmann 40 Last Theorem 40 Johann Gutenberg 40 Gutenberg 40 Jerry Pournelle 40 Isambard Kingdom Brunel 40 KIPAC 40 Postmodernist 40 Augustinian monk 40 Maxwell equations 40 Christof Koch 40 Rebecca Saxe 40 AK Ramanujan 40 blackbody radiation 40 Riccardo Giacconi 40 von Gottberg 40 Gershenfeld 40 philosopher Baruch Spinoza 40 Albert Wohlstetter 40 Condensed Matter 40 renowned cosmologist 40 stiffer backbones 40 Lacanian 40 cybernetics 40 Maurice Merleau Ponty 40 Konrad Lorenz 40 integrals 40 Arthur Laffer 40 Sumio Iijima 40 Landweber 40 Robert Solow 40 Doug Engelbart 40 Sir Karl Popper 40 Galileo Copernicus 40 Friedrich Hayek 40 Karl Kautsky 40 Cees Dekker 40 Saul Perlmutter 40 Kris Pister 40 Pierpont Morgan 40 Einstein theory 40 Robert Hooke 40 Cray supercomputers 40 Graph Theory 40 Georges Charpak 40 van der Hilst 40 Pizzarello 40 Ehud Shapiro 40 Scottish Enlightenment 40 Leonard Hayflick 40 posthuman 40 Mathematical Programming 40 differential calculus 40 Futurist Ray Kurzweil 40 Leonardo DaVinci 40 Mlodinow 40 fractals 40 Mathematical Statistics 40 ZPE 40 Scientific Revolutions 40 Spacewar 40 LeMoncheck 40 Berners Lee 40 Vygotsky 40 Mathematical Sciences 40 Aryabhatta 40 Raymond Jeanloz 40 D' Alembert 40 dialectical materialism 40 Peidong Yang 40 László Moholy Nagy 40 linear equations 40 Bethe 39 codebreakers 39 Sarpeshkar 39 Percival Lowell 39 GWF Hegel 39 Eugen Weber 39 Mikhail Bakhtin 39 Jacob Burckhardt 39 Bayesian methods 39 ethologist 39 Margaret Murnane 39 Gary Ruvkun 39 existentialist philosopher 39 Raul Hilberg 39 Makimoto 39 Immanuel Velikovsky 39 Thomas Jessell 39 Algebraic 39 superstring theory 39 Daphne Koller 39 supersymmetric 39 Stanford Ovshinsky 39 Dirac Medal 39 Bahcall 39 L. Garwin 39 NCEAS 39 Russian Constructivism 39 Jülich 39 journalist Walter Lippmann 39 democratizing supercomputing 39 Oberth 39 mathematic equations 39 SNfactory 39 deconstructionism 39 Robert Socolow 39 Grigori Perelman 39 String theory 39 Kurzweil 39 theoretical astrophysics 39 e = mc2 39 Mises 39 neoclassical economists 39 Bayesian inference 39 Manuel Castells 39 Athanasius Kircher 39 Jeff Kodosky 39 punctuated equilibrium 39 Ronald Dworkin 39 Naturalis Principia Mathematica 39 Neil Turok 39 Giacconi 39 Bayesian probability 39 Don Eigler 39 Elizabeth Anscombe 39 Surrealists 39 theorem 39 polynomial 39 Mathematical Physics 39 cryptography 39 J. Viterbi 39 Walter Lippmann 39 Lord Keynes 39 Paul Ricoeur 39 poststructuralist 39 MIT prof 39 Shor algorithm 39 Wilhelm Steinitz 39 Roald Hoffman 39 memristors 39 Milton Friedman 39 École Normale Supérieure 39 Lyotard 39 Forschungszentrum Dresden Rossendorf FZD 39 Gaia Theory 39 Holonyak 39 neo Darwinism 39 roboticists 39 positivists 39 Astrophysicist 39 Humphry Davy 39 logician 39 functionalist 39 Ralph Alpher 39 Tenniel illustrations 39 linear collider 39 utopian socialists 39 Enrico Fermi Institute 39 Jon Udell 39 JM Keynes 39 empiricists 39 Humane Interface 39 neutrino physics 39 Chomsky 39 Gramsci 39 Nikolai Tesla 39 Arthur Schlesinger Jr. 39 Ramanujan 39 polymaths 39 Gabaix 39 Euclidean 39 Botvinnik 39 Laffer Curve 39 F. Drucker 39 Reyner Banham 39 psychologist Leon Festinger 39 Scholem 39 Kropotkin 39 Durrant Whyte 39 Gerbrand Ceder 39 Robert Barro 39 Herman Hesse 39 determinists 39 Seymour Benzer 39 Adolphe Quetelet 39 Grote Reber 39 evolutionary biologists 39 bioinformatician 39 De Gennes 39 William Nordhaus 39 computational algorithms 39 neurobiologists 39 Ronald Rivest 39 Veizer 39 Wernher Von Braun 39 Rabbi Soloveitchik 39 Northrop Frye 39 Stanley Milgram 39 novelist Ayn Rand 39 Schrodinger Cat 39 Max Planck Institut für 39 Experiment INCITE program 39 BlueGene 39 De Roure 39 Ludwig Erhard 39 Roger Myerson 39 Enrico Fermi Award 39 Participatory Economics 39 Friedrich Hegel 39 Duns Scotus 39 Condensed Matter Physics 39 Henri Becquerel 39 Turing Award 39 Miller Urey experiment 39 Alfred Binet 39 de Saussure 39 Carlo Rubbia 39 meta textual 39 Karl Marx 39 multicore computing 39 Kosslyn 39 economist Barry Eichengreen 39 HHMI investigator 39 Jude Wanniski 39 Terascale 39 Gerta Keller 39 Eötvös Loránd University 39 System/# [001] 39 Konrad Zuse 39 DeTurck 39 Nobel prizewinner 39 Konstantin Grcic 39 Louis Agassiz 39 SY Agnon 39 Isaac Deutscher 39 Nozick 39 Alexander Goncharov 39 Jack Kilby 39 Vernadsky 39 Marxist theorists 39 Democritus 39 Michael Mateas 39 decoherence 39 theoretical underpinning 39 Ruvkun 39 Paul Virilio 39 Thomas Malthus 39 Julia Kristeva 39 Seymour Melman 39 Hegelian dialectic 39 Franz Rosenzweig 39 Graham Farmelo 39 Kruskal 39 transhumanist 39 August von Hayek 39 E = mc2 39 Caltech 39 Elias Canetti 39 evolutionary geneticist 39 Fredric Jameson 39 historicist 39 Karl Polanyi 39 Maharishi Effect 39 Sol Lewitt 39 Robert Noyce 39 Gayatri Spivak 39 Louis Althusser 39 Mises Hayek 39 Gerard Debreu 39 Supersymmetry 39 Geophysical Laboratory 39 Immanuel Wallerstein 39 Stanley Jevons 39 William Baumol 39 Henryk Sienkiewicz 39 German philosopher Hegel 39 Mosher Butts 39 Braudel 39 Howard Rheingold 39 Jacques Monod 39 quantum encryption 39 Physics Letters 39 nanoelectronic 39 Andy Hertzfeld 39 Newtonian